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Coalitions, Insurgencies & Change

India · 1989V.P. Singh's National Front ends Congress majority; the coalition era begins

The Ninth Lok Sabha election ended Congress's parliamentary majority amid the Bofors fallout, and V.P. Singh became Prime Minister on 2 December 1989, heading a National Front government backed from outside by the BJP and the Left. The voting age was lowered to 18, while the Ayodhya shilanyas and rising militancy in Jammu and Kashmir deepened political and social tensions.

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Key figures

Rajiv Gandhi — outgoing Congress Prime Minister until 2 December 1989; lost the election amid the Bofors controversy.V.P. Singh — became Prime Minister on 2 December 1989, leading the National Front government.R. Venkataraman — President of India through 1989.Devi Lal — Deputy Prime Minister in the V.P. Singh government.A.P.J. Abdul Kalam — led the IGMDP work associated with the Agni technology demonstrator test.Mufti Mohammad Sayeed — Union Home Minister; the kidnapping of his daughter Rubaiya Sayeed became an early major crisis

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